Published article correction policy

Ecos de la Academia assumes editorial responsibility for preserving the integrity, accuracy, transparency, and traceability of published articles. When errors, omissions, or irregularities are identified after publication, the journal may apply editorial measures according to the nature, scope, and seriousness of the case.

1. Erratum: this will be published when the journal has made a technical, editorial, typographical, production, layout, or metadata error that does not alter the results, interpretation, or conclusions of the article. It may apply, for example, to minor errors in names, affiliations, tables, figures, pagination, links, or formal data.
2. Correction: this will be issued when authors, readers, editors, or reviewers identify an unintentional error in a published article that requires rectification to preserve academic accuracy but does not invalidate the main findings. This may include errors in data, references, citations, formulas, analyses, tables, figures, or methodological information.
3. Expression of concern: this may be published when there are well-founded doubts about the integrity, validity, originality, authorship, data, ethical permissions, or possible conflicts of interest of the article while an editorial or institutional investigation is underway.
4. Retraction: this will be applied when the article presents serious flaws that invalidate its results or conclusions, or when ethical misconduct is confirmed, such as plagiarism, duplicate publication, manipulation or fabrication of data, improper authorship, unauthorized use of materials, absence of informed consent where applicable, undisclosed conflict of interest, or any other substantial irregularity.

In the event of retraction, the article will remain available in the journal’s digital archive to preserve the scholarly record, but it will be clearly identified as retracted. The journal will publish a retraction notice electronically linked to the original article, stating the reasons for the decision whenever this is compatible with ethical, legal, and confidentiality criteria.

Requests for correction, expression of concern, or retraction may be submitted by authors, readers, reviewers, editors, or institutions related to the case. Every request will be evaluated by the Editorial Board. Communications must be sent to smguevara@utn.edu.ec. In all cases, editorial notices will be linked to the original article to ensure transparency for readers, authors, reviewers, and academic institutions.